American sanctions: Merely a signal

Sanctions Compliance

Financial institutions need to meet rising sanctions compliance demands without disrupting customer service or incurring inordinate costs. While robust filtering technology is essential to managing compliance, the most cost-effective approach combines intelligent technology, people and processes while fostering self-learning and improvement in all three components. This white paper describes th...

Merely lights and wires?

Intermediate Sanctions

Most American jurisdictions have recently established new intermediate sanctions programs. Few such programs have diverted large numbers of offenders from prison, saved public monies or prison beds, or reduced recidivism rates. These findings recur in evaluations of community service, intensive supervision, house arrest, day reporting centers, and boot camps. The principal problems have been hi...

Hypoxia: not merely a regulator of angiogenesis?

Introduction Maintaining oxygen homeostasis is of vital importance for the survival and development of mammalian cells. Hypoxia (below-normal levels of oxygen in air, blood and tissue) can potentially lead to cellular dysfunction and ultimately cell death and is a feature of many pathological conditions. Understanding how reduced oxygen levels may contribute to or even promote disease is a sign...

Sanctions Sometimes Smart: Targeted Sanctions in Theory and Practice

This essay reviews the literature and origins of the targeted sanctions framework. The development of smart sanctions has solved many of the political problems that prior efforts at comprehensive trade sanctions had created. In so doing, the idea of smart sanctions served as a useful focal point for policy coordination among key stakeholders. Nevertheless, there is no systematic evidence that s...